What was the balance of power in the battles of Judas Maccabaeus and in Israel's War of Independence? Were they, as is commonly assumed, wars of the few against the many? These questions were discussed in a conference organized by the School of History of the Hebrew University in December 1999. The participants were in general agreement that the discussion of the balance of power must not be confined to the number of troops and that other variables must be taken into account. Nevertheless the numbers of troops is important. Conflicting views were presented on the battles of Judas Maccabaues whereas on the number of troops in Israel's War of Independence there was general agreement. Published in this collection, for the first time, are a General Staff document from 1952 and a research paper by Yehosuha Ben Arie for the IDF History Branch from 1955. Both conclude that in the matter of the number of troops the War of Independence on the whole was not an instance of the few against the many. Other articles, based on lectures delivered at the conference include Bezalel Bar Kochva and Israel Shatzman on the battles of Judas Maccabaeus; Beni Morris and Amitzur Ilan on the balance of forces in the War of Independence, Eyal Nave and Mordechai Bar-On on the evolution of Israeli collective memory of the balance of power and on possible ways of representing the facts of the case in school books; Shmaryahu Ben-Pazi, Moshe Erenwald and Nimrod Hagiladi on three case studies: Safad, The Jewish Quarter in the Old City of Jerusalem, and Rechovot; and Joseph Heller's essay on the centrality of the 'few against many' theme in David Ben Gurion's thought which widens the scope of the discussion in the conference.

This book illustrates the close link between the development of the national ideal in Egypt, and the development of the new written Arabic, and studies the Academic activities in Cairo following the historical and social changes in the Arab world in the 20th Century.

Rich and multiform, French influence in the Levant and Palestine was predominant until the end of World War I. While conferring a particular importance upon its religious establishments, France has also always invested in the development of its economic, scientific, and technological relations with the countries in the region. Marking the beginning of France's political disengagement from the Holy Land, the British Mandate period saw, notably, the gradual disappearance of the French language from the cultural life of Palestine. France's return in force to the region would have to await the foundation and decolonization of the State of Israel, first as a close friend of Israel, then, after the Six-Day War, as Europe's most active political power in the Middle East. Series Editor: Amnon Cohen

With the demise of the Soviet Union and the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe, a number of questions regarding the conventional understanding of totalitarianism could now be viewed in the new light. The classical studies of totalitarianism were undertaken when Nazism and Fascism had been vanquished, while the Soviet system still existed: this created an asymmetry which could now be overcome. The ideological Cold War edge which sometimes accompanied debates about totalitarianism was similarly blunted. The impetus which these developments could give to new angles of research and historical perspective was the focus of the conference “Reflections on Europe’s Century of Discontent”, held at the Institute for European Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. More than a dozen participants from eight countries – political scientists, historians, lawyers as well as political activists – took part in what was an exciting exercise in re-evaluation and re-assessments. The results are presented in this volume.

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