The studies presented in this book cover the timespan between the Hasmoneans and the earliest Roman intervention in the Land of Israel – that is, from the second and first pre-Christian centuries and until the third and fourth centuries of the present era. Most of the questions raised in this study originate within the inner world of Judaism and Jewish law (Halakha). However, these issues are examined in relation to other factors as well, such as Jewish Hellenistic literature, early Christian traditions, and classical culture as a whole. Sample pages A digital version of this book is available here

The author presents in this work, which is based on an exhaustive study of the sources by means of philological-historical methods, a vivid picture of the religious and social thoughts of the Tanna'im and Amora'im, their absorption and rejection of extraneous concepts, their spiritual struggles and the goals they sought to achieve. The intellectual ferment marking this era crystallized principles that fashioned the Jewish national and religious image for generations. The wisdom of the great Jewish teachers of antiquity is on display here like in no other book. Two indexes (one by topic, one by texts) mentioned help the reader make use of the many obscure texts that Urbach quotes, some of them virtually impossible to find in translation anywhere. The sheer wealth of material collected in this volume is amazing. The book is well organized by 'doctrine' or belief, and Urbach does an excellent job of quoting the texts that he uses to come to his conclusions.

A digital version of this book is available here Sample pages The present collection of essays is the second of two volumes comprising articles on the Bible, Ugaritic writings and other texts. This volume includes comparative studies in which Biblical subjects are examined in the light of Eastern literature (particularly Ugaritic) and articles on Ugaritic and other texts, while the first is devoted to purely Biblical themes. This volume contains also the index to both volumes.

CASSUTO (1883-1951), one of the greatest Bible scholars and Jewish historians of his generation, was also a pioneer in the field of Ugaritic-scholarship. His book The Goddess Anath is a classic of its kind. It was first published in Hebrew by the Bilalik Institute in 1951, reprinted in 1953, 1958, and 1965, and appears now in the English translation of Prof. ABRAHAMS (reprint 2009). The book contains three parts a) an introduction to Ugaritic literature that is based on the texts discovered (up to 1951) at the Ras-Shamra in general, and on the epic of Baal in particular b) some Ugaritic tablets containing episodes from the epic of Baal, in which the Goddess Anath plays an important role. These texts appear in three parallel columns: the first gives a transcription of the Ugaritic text in Latin characters, the second contains Cassuto's Hebrew translation, and the third comprises the English rendering. c) A commentary on these texts. This work also sheds invaluable light on important and hitherto unexplained linguistic usages in the Bible, while the author's brilliant methodology will serve as an enduring beacon of light to many generations of researchers.

The aim of this commentary is to explain, with the help of an historico-philological method of interpretation, the simple meaning of the Biblical text, and to arrive, as nearly as possible, at the sense that the words of the Torah were intended to have for the reader at the time when they were written. I investigated the history and principles of the literary tradition with no less care than the development of the thematic tradition. The study of the history of the traditional themes is bound up with the study of the sources… In my opinion the sources are very different from the documents J (Jahwist), E (Elohist), P (Priestly Code), postulated by the commonly-held theory. I made every effort to note accurately all the linguistic details of the text, its grammatical niceties, its allusions, even its play upon words. It was not my object to defend any particular viewpoint or any particular exegetical method, but only to arrive at a thorough understanding of the Torah’s meaning, whatever that might be.