In this volume, articles on Jewish Warsaw over the centuries cover the history of jewish settelment; Jewish populations in the eighteenth century; the background to the 1790 pogrom; relations with Christians in the early partition period (1795-1861); the acculturation of the nineteenth century; Warsaw as a Yiddish literary centre; Jewish Warsaw before the first world war; the history of the Warsaw ghetto; and Jewish historians Emanuel Ringelblum and jacob Shatzky. Other topics covered include the religious orders and the Jews during the holocaust, and the integration of the Jews in Radom.

In this volume of Polin , scholars from the fields of history, sociology, politics, anthropology, linguistics, literature, and folklore explore central themes in Jewish and European history. Launching what was to become a comprehensive and vigorous forum for discussion of all aspects of the Jewish experience in Poland, this first volume established the pattern of bringing together work by established and younger scholars from many countries.

In the period between the two world wars, Poland's Jewish community of three million was second only in size to that of the United States, and was the laboratory in which the ideological orientations which dominated the Jewish world—Zionism, Bundism, Neo-Orthodoxy, assimilation—were tested. There has been much disagreement as to the character and strength of antisemitism in Poland at that time, and the extent to which it aided the Nazis in carrying out their genocidal plans. This volume of Polin includes contributions from Poland, western Europe, Israel, and North America that together provide a clearer understanding of the issues which have in the past proved so divisive. It also includes a number of personal testimonies from people who experienced the interwar period at first hand.

Scholarship on the civilization of Polish Jews has tended to focus on elite culture and canonical literature. Even modern Yiddish culture has generally been approached from the perspective of ‘great works’. This special issue on Jewish popular culture focuses on relatively less explored but historically vital forms of culture that have previously been relegated to the margins of scholarly interest. Most of the articles look at the period before the Second World War, but there are also several studies of the traces of this culture in the contemporary world. The volume is intended to help reconfigure our understanding of Polish Jewish civilization in its true richness and variety.

Core articles investigate some important issues associated with the diverse ways in which Jewish spirituality and religious life developed in Poland from 1550 to 1900. The emerging generation of Jewish studies specialists from Poland and Germany is particularly well represented in this volume, a collection of articles that shows vividly how academic scholarship can provide important new insights into Jewish religious history. This volume highlights new research on Jewish spiritual and religious life in Poland before modern political ideas, above all nationalism and socialism, began to transform the Jewish world. The collection as a whole represents a welcome new trend towards a more rigorous approach to the study of Jewish religious life and writings and covers a range of topics. Three articles deal with rabbinic writing and publishing in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and a fourth presents accounts of Purim festivities at that time. The eighteenth-century studies focus on popular Jewish spirituality and Polish attitudes to Jewish spirituality. Four articles deal with the Frankist movement, the main topics being Frankist propaganda; non-Christian Frankists; Jonathan Eibeschuetz and the Frankists; and the influence of Frankism on Polish culture. There are four articles on hasidism—on the tsadik and the ba’al shem; the childhood of tsadikim in hasidic legends; the fall of the Seer of Lublin; and the hasidism of Gur—and one about influences on Nahman Krochmal. Four of the contributors to the core section on Jewish spiritual and religious life are Polish, representatives of a new generation of Judaic scholars there. Three are working in Germany, where Jewish studies is likewise re-establishing itself. Other contributors are leading scholars from universities in Canada, Israel, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Some are themselves religious, others are secular; taken together, their contributions further the study of Jewish religious traditions on the Polish lands, a topic central to an understanding of Jewish society and history in Poland but one which has long been considered marginal by the academic world.As in earlier volumes of Polin, substantial space is given to new research in other areas of Polish–Jewish studies. There is an extensive survey of the papal Holocaust papers, as well as contributions relating to education for girls, to Auschwitz as a site of memories, and to aspects of Jewish literature, politics, society, and economics. A young Polish scholar from Jedwabne has contributed a moving article on local reactions to news of the massacre of the Jews of that town. The review section include two separate essays with contrasting opinions on Yaffa Eliach's monumental study of Eishyshok.

The Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth, created in 1569, covered a wide spectrum of faiths and languages. The nobility, who were the main focus of Polishness, were predominantly Catholic, particularly from the second half of the seventeenth century; the peasantry included Catholics, Protestants, and members of the Orthodox faith, while nearly half the urban population, and some 10 per cent of the total population, was Jewish. The partition of Poland at the end of the eighteenth century and the subsequent struggle to regain Polish independence raised the question of what the boundaries of a future state should be, and who qualified as a Pole. The partitioning powers, for their part, were determined to hold on to the areas they had annexed: Prussia tried to strengthen the German element in Poland; the Habsburgs encouraged the development of a Ukrainian consciousness in Austrian Galicia to act as a counterweight to the dominant Polish nobility; and Russia, while allowing the Kingdom of Poland to enjoy substantial autonomy, treated the remaining areas it had annexed as part of the tsarist monarchy. When Poland became independent after the First World War more than a third of its population were thus Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Jews, and Lithuanians, many of whom had been influenced by nationalist movements. The core articles in the volume focus especially on the triangular relationship between Poles, Jews, and Germans in western Poland, and between the different national groups in what are today Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. In addition, the New Views section investigates aspects of Jewish life in pre-partition Poland and in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. There are also the regular Review Essay and Book Review sections.

A vital research tool. Includes a comprehensive subject index with extensive cross-referencing on the people, organizations, institutions, places, and themes discussed; a table of contents by volume; a chronological table of contents; an index of books reviewed; a contributor index and notes on contributors; a chronological table of Polish history; and maps.

The assessment of the Nazi genocide in Poland, an issue which has deeply divided Poles and Jews, lies at the core of this volume. Also included are discussions of Polish attitudes to the nearly 300,000 Jews who tried to resettle in post-war Poland; the little-known testimony of Belzec survivor Rudolf Reder; a discussion of Holocaust victims as martyrs; and a presentation of how the Auschwitz Museum sees its future.

National Jewish Book Award for East European Studies 1999 From 1772 to 1918 the large stretch of eastern Europe that forms the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains was under Austrian rule and known as Galicia. Jews were concentrated more densely here than anywhere in Europe—in large and small towns, in villages, and in estates. Two factors were to contribute to this region developing a distinctive character in the context of east European Jewish history: the impact of Austrian rule and exposure to the German language and culture; and the presence not only of Poles and Jews but also of Ukrainians. To the east of the River San the Ukrainians constituted the majority with the Poles as a sizeable minority; to the west the Poles were the overwhelming majority. In both areas, the triangular relationship between these groups and the Jews deeply affected Jewish life. The nature of the Jewish community of Galicia and its relationship with the Poles, Ukrainians, and other ethnic groups is the core focus of this volume of Polin. Israel Bartal and John-Paul Himka give overviews of the history of the Jewish community and of its relations with the Poles and Ukrainians; Franz Szabo describes the first impressions of Austrian officials of ethnic relations in newly annexed Galicia; Stanislaw Grodziski examines the way the reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II affected the Jews, while Hanna Kozinska-Witt investigates the views of the sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz on the Jewish issue. Other articles examine the consequences of Galician autonomy after 1867 for the Jews, Poles, and Ukrainians; Jewish large landowners in Galicia; the views of the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko on the ‘Jewish question’; the Jewish role in the election of 1873; and Jewish emigration from Galicia to Vienna. In the New Views section, Janina Rogozik describes the career of the Jewish inter-war parliamentary journalist Bernard Singer; Joanna Hensel-Liwszicowa outlines the social composition of Warsaw Jewry in 1912; and Stephen D. Corrsin investigates levels of literacy among Poles and Jews in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Warsaw. In addition, further articles examine the collapse of the ideal of assimilation in the Kingdom of Poland in the last years of the nineteenth century; the attitude of the National Democratic Party to the ‘Jewish question’; the views of Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz (1872–1905) on Jewish problems; and controversies in present-day Poland over the writings of Jerzy Kosinski. An article about an important Jewish publishing house in eighteenth-century Poland by the pre-war historian Emanuel Ringelblum is presented in translation. Contents: Part I Focusing on Galicia: Jews, Poles, and Ukrainians in Galicia, 1772-1914 Introduction: The Jews of Galicia under the Habsburgs ISRAEL BARTAL and ANTONY POLONSKY Dimensions of a Triangle: Polish-Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Austrian Galicia JOHN-PAUL HIMKA Austrian First Impressions of Ethnic Relations in Galicia: The Case of Governor Anton von Pergen FRANZ A. J. SZABO The Jewish Question in Galicia: The Reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II, 1772-1790 STANISLAW GRODZISKI Ludwig Gumplowicz's Programme for the Improvement of the Jewish Situation HANNA KOZINSKA-WITT Enlightenment, Assimilation, and Modern Identity: The Jewish Elite in Galicia JERZY HOLZER The Consequences of Galician Autonomy after 1867 JOZEF BUSZKO Politics, Religion, and National Identity: The Galician Jewish Vote in the 1873 Parliamentary Elections RACHEL MANEKIN From Austeria to Manor: Jewish Landowners in Autonomous Galicia TOMASZ GASOWSKI A Ukrainian Answer to the Galician Triangle: The Case of Ivan Franko YAROSLAV HRYTSAK Galician Jewish Migration to Vienna KLAUS HÖDL Yiddish as an Expression of Jewish Cultural Identity in Galicia and Vienna GABRIELE KOHLBAUER-FRITZ Part II New Views Benard Singer, the Forgotten 'Most Popular Jewish Reporter of the Inter-War Years in Poland' JANINA KATARZYNA ROGOZIK Johann Anton Krieger, Printer of Jewish Books in Nowy Dwór EMANUEL RINGELBLUM The Alphabetical List of Payers of the Communal Tax in Warsaw for 1912 JOANNA HENSEL-LIWSZICOWA 'The City of Illiterates'? Levels of Literacy among Poles and Jews in Warsaw, 1882-1914 STEPHEN D. CORRSIN Poles, Jews, and Russians, 1863-1914: The Death of the Ideal of Assimilation in the Kingdom of Poland THEODORE R. WEEKS Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz, 1872-1905: A Polish Socialist for Jewish Nationality TIMOTHY SNYDER The Endecja and the Jewish Question ROMAN WAPINSKI The Return of the Troublesome Bird: Jerzy Kosinski and Polish-Jewish Relations MONIKA ADAMCZYK-GARBOWSKA

The eleven core essays in this volume consider aspects of hasidism and the mitnagdic tradition; the impact of Haskalah and Reform; liturgical and social characteristics of the more modern synagogues in Warsaw, Lódz, and Lwów; Hillel Zeitlin's response to Zionism and modern philosophy; and present-day contacts of Bobower hasidim with Bobowa in Poland. The New Views section covers eleven other areas of Polish-Jewish studies, and there is an extensive Book Review section.

Until 1939 Poland was the heartland of European Jewry, and the Polish Jewish community was still one of the largest and most important in the world. For nine centuries it was one of the central forces in the shaping of Jewish culture and its impact on the shaping of modern Jewry - religious and secular - was profound. An understanding of the history of the Jews of Poland is thus essential to a proper understanding of Jewish history. This book, comprising a selection of studies drawn from the first seven volumes of Polin, provides that understanding. Written by scholars from Europe (including Poland itself), Israel, and North America, it illuminates the most critical aspects of the history of the Jews in Poland and illustrates how these issues are being treated by the leading and most innovative scholars in the field. A broad spectrum of subjects is discussed, covering the origins and development of the community and the many crises it experienced from the earliest date of Jewish settlement in Poland to the establishment of Communist rule in postwar Poland. Maps and a chronology of Polish Jewish history are also provided, and the book is prefaced by an extensive new introduction by Antony Polonsky, general editor of Polin. Contributors Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska, Israel Bartal, David Biale, Eugene C. Black, Jan Blonski, Norman Davies, David Engel, Jacob Goldberg, Gershon David Hundert, Krystyna Kersten, Stefan Kieniewicz, Pawel Korzec, Ewa Kurek-Lesik, Magdalena Opalski, Maria and Kazimierz Piechotka, Eugenia Prokopowna, Laura Quercioli-Mincer, M. J. Rosman, Szymon Rudnicki, Pawel Samus, Robert Moses Shapiro, Chone Shmeruk, Shaul Stampfer, Michael C. Steinlauf, Pawel Szapiro, Jean-Charles Szurek, Janusz Tazbir, Jerzy Tomaszewski, Paul Wexler, Anna Zuk Contents List of maps Introduction Part I Pre-Partition Poland (to 1795) The Reconstruction of Pre-Ashkenazic Jewish Settlements in the Slavic Lands in the Light of Linguistic Sources PAUL WEXLER Some Basic Characteristics of the Jewish Experience in Poland GERSHON DAVID HUNDERT Images of the Jew in the Polish Commonwealth JANUSZ TAZBIR A Minority Views the Majority: Jewish Attitudes towards the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Interaction with Poles M. J. ROSMAN The Changes in the Attitude of Polish Society toward the Jews in the Eighteenth Century JACOB GOLDBERG A Mobile Class: The Subjective Element in the Social Perception of Jews-The Example of Eighteenth-Century Poland ANNA ZUK Part II The Nineteenth Century The Jews of Warsaw, Polish Society, and the Partitioning Powers, 1795-1861 STEFAN KIENIEWICZ The Jewish Community in the Political Life of Lódz in the Years 1865-1914 PAWEL SAMUS Aspects of the History of Warsaw as a Yiddish Literary Centre CHONE SHMERUK Non-Jews and Gentile Society in East European Hebrew and Yiddish Literature, 1856-1914 ISRAEL BARTAL Trends in the Literary Perception of Jews in Modern Polish Fiction MAGDALENA OPALSKI Eros and Enlightenment: Love against Marriage in the East European Jewish Enlightenment DAVID BIALE Gender Differentiation and Education of the Jewish Woman in Nineteenth- Century Eastern Europe SHAUL STAMPFER Polish Synagogues in the Nineteenth Century MARIA and KAZIMIERZ PIECHOTKA Part III Between the Two World Wars Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth-Century Poland NORMAN DAVIES Some Methodological Problems of the Study of Jewish History in Poland between the Two World Wars JERZY TOMASZEWSKI Lucien Wolf and the Making of Poland: Paris, 1919 EUGENE C. BLACK Aspects of Jewish Self-Government in Lódz, 1914-1939 ROBERT MOSES SHAPIRO The Image of the Shtetl in Polish Literature EUGENIA PROKOPOWNA The Polish Jewish Daily Press MICHAEL C. STEINLAUF From 'Numerus Clausus' to 'Numerus Nullus' SZYMON RUDNICKI Part IV The Second World War Jews and Poles under Soviet Occupation (1939-1941): Conflicting Interests PAWEL KORZEC and JEAN-CHARLES SZUREK The Western Allies and the Holocaust DAVID ENGEL The Conditions of Admittance and the Social Background of Jewish Children Saved by Women's Religious Orders in Poland, 1939-1945 EWA KUREK-LESIK Part V After 1945 The Contexts of the So-Called Jewish Question in Poland after World War II KRYSTYNA KERSTEN and PAWEL SZAPIRO Is There a Jewish School of Polish Literature? JAN BLONSKI A Voice from the Diaspora: Julian Stryjkowski LAURA QUERCIOLI-MINCER Poles and Poland in I. B. Singer's Fiction MONIKA ADAMCZYK-GARBOWSKA Notes on Contributors Chronological Table Maps