The family and the community, which were in a very real sense the core institutions of east European Jewish society, underwent very rapid change in the nineteenth century. These essays look at the past through the prism of the lives of ordinary people, with results that are sometimes surprising, but always stimulating. The topics they treat are varied, but the concern to explain what lay behind the visible reality is common to all of them. The realities of Jewish life in eastern Europe that concerned the average Jew meant the way their children grew up, the way they studied, how they married, and all the subsequent stages of the life cycle--including the problems of divorce, remarriage, and elderly parents. The family and the community were in a very real sense the core institutions of east European Jewish society. These realities were always dynamic and evolving but in the nineteenth century, the pace of change in almost every area of life was exceptionally rapid. This collection of essays deals with these social realities objectively and analytically. Some of the essays presented here are classics that have been widely acclaimed, earning their author a well-deserved reputation for authoritative research; all have been comprehensively revised for this book. They avoid both sentimental descriptions and judgmental attitudes. The result is a picture that is far from the stereotyped view of the past that is common today, but a more honest and more comprehensive one. Topics covered in the studies on education consider the learning experiences of both males and females of different ages. They also deal with and distinguish between study among the well off and learned (not surprisingly, the two went together) and study among the poorer masses. A number of essays are devoted to aspects of educating the elite. Here too, the reconstruction of the realities of the past, as opposed to the stereotypical popular image, reveals the remarkable creativity of what is often mistakenly considered a highly conservative element of society. Several essays deal with aspects of marriage, a key element in the life of most Jews. Using both quantitative and qualitative sources, the author has been able to identify and document characteristics of both first and subsequent marriages and to highlight and explain trends that have hitherto been misunderstood. The problem of aged parents and the changing nature of the nuclear family is also considered. The attempt to understand the rabbinate in its social and historical context is no less revealing then the studies in other areas. The realities of rabbinical life ˆ the problems of getting appointments, job security and insecurity, changing responsibilities and the difficulties of dealing with fragmented and modernizing communities -- are presented in a way that explains rabbinic behavior and the complex relations between communities, ideologies, and modernization. These essays look at the past through the prism of the lives of ordinary people, with results that are sometimes surprising but always stimulating. The topics they treat are varied, but the concern to explain what lay behind the visible reality is common to all of them.

Ran Aaronsohn and Shaul Stampfer Preface: Between the Old World and the New World Nachum Gross Introduction: On Jewish Entrepreneurship Judith Kalik 'Kastaw' (Deposit) and 'Wiederkauf' in the Economic Activity of the Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Adam Teller General Arenda and the General Arendarz in Eighteenth Century Lithuania Mordechai Zalkin 'And These Shall Escape, the Smith and the Metalworker': Idea and Reality in the Economic World of the Russian Maskilim in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century Ruth Kark and Michal Ben Ya'akov Entrepreneurship and Initiatives of Sephardic and Oriental Jews Building Urban Residential Neighborhoods in Palestine at the End of the Ottoman Period: The Case of Jerusalem Jacob Cohen-Hatav Entrepreneurship, Planning and Spatial Development: The Establishment of the Mahane Yehuda Market in Jerusalem and its Development during the Period of the British Mandate (1917-1948) Nahum Karlinsky The Californian Model and its Implementation in the Jewish Citrus Industry, 1905-1939 There are abstracts in English at the end of the book.