Isaac Orobio de Castro, a crypto-Jew from Portugal, was one of the most prominent intellectual figures of the Sephardi Diaspora in the seventeenth century. After studying medicine and theology in Spain, and having pursued a distinguished medical career, he was arrested by the Spanish Inquisition for practising Judaism, tortured, tired, and imprisoned. He subsequently emigrated to France and became a professor of medicine at the University of Toulouse before openly professing his Judaism and going to Amsterdam where he joined the thriving Portuguese Jewish community. Amsterdam was then a city of great cultural creativity and religious pluralism where Orobio found open to him the world of religious thinkers and learned scholars. In this atmosphere he flourished and became an outstanding spokesman and apologist for the Jewish community. He engaged in controversy with Juan de Prado and Baruch Spinoza, who were both excommunicated by the Portuguese Jewish community, as well as with Christian theologians of various sects and denominations, including Philip van Limborch.This fascinating biography of Orobio sheds light on the complex life of a unique Jewish community of former Christians who had openly returned to Judaism. It focuses on the particular dilemmas of the converts, their attempts to establish boundaries between their Christian past and their new identity, their internal conflicts, and their ability to create new forms of Jewish life and expression.

The wondrous fables of Ibn Sahula in Meshal haqadmoni, presented here in English for the first time, provide a most unusual introduction to the intellectual and social universe of the Sephardi Jewish world of thirteenth-century Spain. Ibn Sahula wrote his fables in rhymed prose, here rendered into English as rhymed couplets. They comprise a series of satirical debates between cynic and moralist, put into the mouths of animals; the moralist always triumphs. The debates to such subjects as time, the soul, the physical sciences and medicine, astronomy, and astrology, and amply reflect human foibles, political compromise, and court intrigue. They are suffused throughout with traditional Jewish law and lore, a flavour reinforced by the profusion of biblical quotations reapplied. With parallel Hebrew and English texts, explanatory notes, indication of textual variants, and references for all the biblical allusions, this edition has much to offer to scholars in many areas: Sephardi studies, medieval Hebrew literature, medieval intellectual history, Spanish literature, and folklore. Two full series of illustrations are reproduced alongside the text: the woodcuts from the second edition (Venice, c. 1547), and the splendid vignettes in the Rothschild Miscellany, a fifteenth-century Italian MS in the Israel Museum. Publication of these two sets of illustrations in their entirety has a benefit in and of itself that goes beyond increasing the literary pleasure that readers will experience in handling the volume. Both the translation and the scholarly annotations reflect Raphael Loewe's deep understanding of Ibn Sahula's world, including the interrelationship of Hebrew, Greek, and Arabic speculative thought and the interplay between those languages. Scholars will profit enormously from the textual annotations, and specialist and non-specialist alike will benefit from the masterly introduction. 160 woodcuts and illuminations