Europe has changed greatly in the last century—culturally, ideologically, and socially, as well as politically. These changes have generated widespread reassessment of European history in terms of its presuppositions, its methodologies, its directions, its emphases, and its scope. The political boundaries between nations and states have been redefined, and even the concepts of ‘nation’ and ‘boundary’ have changed significantly. The self-consciousness of ethnic minorities has likewise developed in new directions. All these developments have affected how the Jews of Europe perceive themselves, and likewise shape the prism through which historians of the Jewish world view the past. This volume looks at the Jewish past in the spirit of this reassessment. Part 1 reconsiders basic parameters of the subject as well as some of its fundamental concepts, suggesting new assumptions and perspectives from which to conduct future study of European Jewish history. Topics covered here include periodization and the definition of geographic borders, antisemitism, gender and the history of Jewish women, and notions of assimilation. Part 2 is devoted to articulating the meaning of ‘modernity’ in the history of European Jewry and demarcating key stages in its crystallization. Papers reflect on the defining characteristics of a distinct early modern period in European Jewish history, the Reformation and the Jews, and the essence of the Jewish experience in modern times. Framing the chronological period of concern in the collection, Parts 3 and 4 facilitate two scholarly conversations as case studies for the application of critical and programmatic categories considered thus far: the complex web of relationships between Jews, Christians, and Jewish converts to Christianity (conversos, New Christians, ‘Marranos’) in fifteenth-century Spain; and the impact of American Jewry on Jewish life in Europe in different periods of the twentieth century, even as the dominant trend has been one of migration from Europe to the Americas. This timely volume suggests a new framework for the study of Jewish history and helps to contextualize it within the mainstream of historical scholarship.. Contributors: Ram Ben-Shalom, Miriam Bodian, Jeremy Cohen, Judah M. Cohen, David Engel, Gershon David Hundert, Paula Hyman, Maud Mandel, David Nirenberg, Moshe Rosman, David B. Ruderman, Daniel Soyer Winner of the National Jewish Book Awards, 2009