השכינה – הנוכחות הנקבית הנמוכה של האלוהות היהודית – מתוארת בספרות הקבלה מימי הביניים באופן מפורט ומפותח. השאלות מה היו המקורות לתפיסותיהם של המקובלים את השכינה ומה היו מניעיהם להפצת האמונה בה, נידונו בהרחבה בספרות המחקר וזכו לתשובות מגוונות ומעמיקות. הספר קיצוץ בנטיעות: עבודת השכינה בעולמה של ספרות הקבלה המוקדמת אינו מבקש להציע תשובה חדשה לשאלות יסוד אלו אלא לבחון את תקפות השאלות. הטענה המרכזית בספר היא שחלק ניכר מבין המקובלים כלל לא פעלו מתוך רצון להפיץ את האמונה בשכינה, אלא ביקשו למתן ולרסן אמונה זו. המחבר פורש תזה חדשה, שלפיה יש לראות בחלקים מספרות הקבלה המוקדמת תגובה לאמונה יהודית במודל אלוהי בן שני רבדים: אלוהות זכרית גבוהה ואלוהות נקבית נמוכה. אמונה זו, שהתפתחה מחוץ לחוגי המקובלים המרכזיים, עוררה דאגה בקרב חלק מהמקובלים שראו בה כפירה חמורה, וכינוה בביטויים קשים כגון 'אמונה בשתי רשויות' או 'קיצוץ בנטיעות'. וייס מצביע בספרו על עדויות למאבק סביב עיצוב דמותה של השכינה במהלך מאה וחמישים השנים הראשונות להתפתחותה של ספרות הקבלה, תוך שהוא מתחקה אחר מסורות פחות ידועות מעולמן של תורות הסוד היהודיות שנותרו בעל פה או שהועלו על הכתב ברמז ובתמצית.

Women are conspicuously absent from the Jewish mystical tradition. Only the Sabbatian movement, with its unprecedented female liberationist, egalitarian agenda, acknowledged women’s spiritual inspiration and invested them with authority. It abandoned the halakhic norms governing relations between the sexes, turned the Messiah's wife into his full consort, and generated a syncretistic cult of the ‘holy maiden’ venerated as the female messiah. A fascinating study of an early-modern movement that transcended traditional gender paradigms. Women are conspicuously absent from the Jewish mystical tradition. Even if historically some Jewish women may have experienced mystical revelations and led richly productive spiritual lives, the tradition does not preserve any record of their experiences or insights. Only the chance survival of scant evidence suggests that, at various times and places, individual Jewish women did pursue the path of mystical piety or prophetic spirituality, but it appears that they were generally censured, and efforts were made to suppress their activities. This contrasts sharply with the fully acknowledged prominence of women in the mystical traditions of both Christianity and Islam. It is against this background that the mystical messianic movement centered on the personality of Sabbatai Zevi (1626-76) stands out as a unique and remarkable exception. Sabbatai Zevi addressed to women a highly original liberationist message, proclaiming that he had come to make them ‘happy as men’ by releasing them from the pangs of childbirth and the subjugation to their husbands that were ordained for women as a consequence of the primordial sin. This unprecedented redemptive vision became an integral part of Sabbatian eschatology, which the messianists believed to be unfolding and experienced in the present. Their New Law, superseding the Old with the dawning of the messianic era, overturned the traditional halakhic norms that distinguished and regulated relations between the sexes. This was expressed not only in the outlandish ritual transgression of sexual prohibitions, in which the Sabbatian women were notoriously implicated, but also in the apparent adoption of the idea—totally alien to rabbinic Judaism—that virginity, celibacy, or sexual abstinence were conducive to women´s spiritual empowerment. Ada Rapoport-Albert traces the diverse manifestations of this vision in every phase of Sabbatianism and its offshoots. These include the early promotion of women to centre-stage as Messianic prophetesses; their independent affiliation with the movement in their own right; their initiation in the esoteric teachings of the Kabbalah; and their full incorporation, on a par with men, into the ritual and devotional life of the Messianic community. Their investment with authority was such as to elevate the Messiah's wife (a figure mostly absent from traditional messianic speculations) to the rank of full Messianic consort, sharing in her husband´s redemptive mission as well as his divine dimension. By the late eighteenth century, a syncretistic cult had developed that recognized in Eva—the unmarried daughter of Jacob Frank, one of Sabbatai Zevi´s apostate Messianic successors—an incarnate female aspect of the kabbalistic godhead, worshipped as `Holy Virgin´ and female messiah by her father’s devotees. This was the culmination of the Sabbatian endeavor to transcend the traditional gender paradigm that had excluded women from the public arena of Jewish spiritual life.

The philosopher, astronomer, and biblical exegete known both as Gersonides and Ralbag (1288-1344) wrote a veritable library of works that testify not only to the breadth of his intellectual concerns but to his attempt to forge a synthesis between the secular sciences and Judaism. This is the first English-language study to assess his place and significance for Jewish thought, and it offers a comprehensive picture of his philosophy that is both descriptive and evaluative. Gersonides (1288-1344), known also as Ralbag, was a philosopher of the first rank as well as an astronomer and biblical exegete, yet this is the first English-language study of the significance of his work for Jewish thought. Seymour Feldman, the acclaimed translator of Gersonides' most important work, The Wars of the Lord---a complete philosophical system and astronomical encyclopedia---has written a comprehensive picture of Gersonides' philosophy that is both descriptive and evaluative. Unusually for a Jewish scholar, Gersonides had contacts with several Christian notables and scholars. It is known that these related to mathematical and astronomical matters; the extent to which these contacts also influenced his philosophical thought is a matter of some controversy. Unquestionably, however, he wrote a veritable library of philosophical, scientific, and exegetical works that testify not only to the range of his intellectual concerns but also to his attempt to forge a philosophical-scientific synthesis between these secular sciences and Judaism. Unlike many modern scientists or philosophers, who either scorn religion or compartmentalize it, he did not see any fundamental discrepancy between the pursuit of truth via reason and its attainment through divine revelation: there is only one truth, with which both reason and revelation must agree. As a philosopher-scientist and biblical exegete Gersonides sought to make this agreement robustly evident. While philosophical and scientfic ideas have progressed since Gersonides' time, his work is still relevant today because his attempt to make prophecy and miracles understandable in terms of some commonly held philosophical or scientific theory is paradigmatic of a religion that is not afraid of reason. His general principle that reason should function as a 'control' of what we believe has interesting and important implications for the modern reader. Indeed, some of his basic arguments are favoured by many contemporary thinkers who attempt to incorporate modern science into their religious belief system. He was not afraid to make religious beliefs philosophically and scientifically credible; one could say that he pursued an 'ethics of belief' in that he held that there are constraints to what is believable, especially in religion. In this respect he was a precursor of Kant and Hermann Cohen: Judaism is or should be a religion of reason.

בין המאמרים המופיעים בכרך זה: יהודה ליבס – העירום והמלובש: עבודת הקודש הסודית והאזוטריות של פילון האלכסנדרוני ערן ויזל – שאלת חלקו של משה בכתיבת התורה בספרות חז"ל ובמעבר לימי הביניים דב שוורץ – דרכי קיצור ספר 'מקור חיים' לר' שלמה אבן גבירול בידי ר' שם טוב אבן פלקירה אליעזר חדד – 'לא תרצח' בכתבי הרמב"ם – בין אתיקה לפוליטיקה אבישי בר-אשר – 'פירוש של מאור קדוש' – גלגולי מדרשות ה'זוהר' בפירוש לא ידוע לעשרת הדיברות מאת ר' משה ד ליאון

הבלטת נוכחות ניטשה בעולמו של ברנר (בהיקף שלא היה כדוגמתו) באה לשם הדגשת העבריות של ברנר. אולם מה שעניין אותו במיוחד הייתה שאלה אקזיסטנציאליסטית טיפוסית, נעדרת גבולות, לאומים ודתות, דהיינו השאלה: "מהו האדם?" ברנר הוא עברי מודרני המבקש להעניק להווייתו הקיומית אופי תרבותי-עברי. הוא אינו חושב כי חילוניותו מביאה אותו בהכרח להתפקרות או להתבוללות בין אומות העולם. 'מתק סתרים' של ברנר או בערתו של ברענער (כשמו ביידיש) מוזנת משלוש להבות: שמירת אמונים לאלוהי אברהם, יצחק ויעקב ולא לפולחנו הדתי-רבני; תשוקתו לטיפוחה של הספרות העברית; ערגתו למענטש אותנטי המקפל בתוכו את השתחררותו מפיתוייו של ניטשה. לכן אחת הטענות של חיבור זה היא כי אי אפשר להסביר או להבין את ברנר על פי ניטשה בלבד. המאמץ הכביר של ברנר לכתוב בלשון חצי-מתה אל אנשים חצי-חיים מקפל בתוכו את "ציוניותו השירית". ברנר ביקש בכל מאודו, להפוך את העברית לדת ולהתעלם מן הדת בעברית. את כלל יצירותיו הספרותיות והפולמוסיות של ברנר בגולה ובארץ אפשר לסכם בפסוק: 'החזון וּכְזָבוֹ'. רק 'הזעקה' לא הכזיבה אותו עד הירצחו.

Yaron Harel has constructed a dramatic story of how eleven chief rabbis all became the subject of controversy and were subsequently dismissed. This took place against a background of crime and licentiousness rarely documented in the context of Jewish society. Set firmly in the social and political developments of the time, this colourful picture is very different from the commonly accepted image of Jewish communities in the Ottoman Empire. This is a book of unexpected drama: all eleven chief rabbis appointed in this period of unprecedented change in the Jewish communities of the Fertile Crescent became the subject of controversy and were subsequently dismissed. This took place against a background of events rarely discussed in the context of Jewish society: crime, hooliganism, slander, power struggles, sexual promiscuity, and even assaults and assassination attempts on rabbis. Using a wide range of testimonies gleaned from Ottoman Jewish, Arabic, and European sources, Yaron Harel paints a colourful picture of these upheavals set firmly in the social and political context of the time and far removed from the commonly accepted image of Jewish communities in the Ottoman empire. Jews were also affected by modernization and political conflict in the wider society of the time, and these too gave rise to power struggles. The chief rabbis were at the forefront of these confrontations, especially those that resulted from the new inclination towards Western culture. Most of them recognized that the challenges of modernization had to be met, although in a way that did not endanger religious principles. Their openness to change stemmed from a concern for the future of the communities for which they were responsible, but they were often vociferously opposed by those who were free from such responsibility. The communal politics that ensued were sometimes heated to the point of violence. In the latter years of the empire, many Jews came to support the Young Turks, with their promise of liberty and equality for all. The atmosphere of the time was such that rabbis had to develop political awareness and engage in Ottoman politics. This was another source of tension within the community since the new regime punished anyone suspected of opposition severely. This lively and fascinating study based on little-known sources offers a lens through which to view the Jewish society of the Ottoman empire at a time when all the traditional norms were being challenged.

קורות הינו כתב עת שנתי העוסק בהֶיבֵּטים ההיסטוריים, הפילוסופיים והחברתיים של רפואה ויהדות.

קבץ על יד , שנתון חברת 'מקיצי נרדמים', הוא במה לפרסום טקסטים עתיקים במדעי היהדות מכתבי יד, שהיקפם קטן מספר. המאמרים בכרך זה: סליחות לעשרה בטבת מפרי עטו של ר' יוסף אבן אביתור יוצאות לאור על ידי אבי שמידמן תשובות הרי"ף להשגות ר' יצחק בן ברוך אבן אלבאליה יוצאות לאור על ידי דן גרינברגר סליחות לר' צדוק אלעמאני יוצאות לאור על ידי שרה כהן ברייתא דיוסף בן עוזיאל יוצאות לאור על ידי נעמה בן-שחר דרשות חתונה לר' מיכאל בן שבתי בלבו יוצאות לאור על ידי דב שוורץ

This masterly collection of essays offers a multifaceted analysis of how Jewish leaders in medieval and early modern times responded to the challenges they faced. Based largely on the study of sermons and responsa—genres that show Jewish leaders addressing real situations in the lives of their people—it reveals how rabbis have handled intellectual, social, and political diversity and conflict within various vibrant Jewish societies. As medieval Jews were exposed to new philosophical ideas, many began to question and challenge rabbinical leadership. Several of the essays explore the process by which these ideas became more accessible , the doubts that consequently arose regarding certain biblical and rabbinic texts, and the attempt by some leaders to ban the study of philosophical texts. Other essays address the rhetoric of rebuke with which preachers criticized behaviour within their community that they considered to be a violation of Jewish law and tradition. Another set of essays focuses on the challenges emerging from external forces, including the unification of France, the Spanish Inquisition and Edict of Expulsion, and the beginning of the Counter-Reformation. One essay explores and challenges the basis for criticism of the talent and leadership of rabbis in such times of crisis. A final section is devoted to conflicting attitudes towards the Holy Land, exile and diasporic existence, and messianic movements and personalities. These essays represent three decades of scholarship by a distinguished historian. Bringing them together in a single volume allows a new generation of students and scholars to have access to his insights and conclusions.

Kabbalah, an esoteric lore whose study was traditionally restricted, played a surprisingly prominent and far-reaching role in eighteenth-century Prague. In this book Sharon Flatto uncovers the centrality of this mystical tradition for Prague’s influential Jewish community and its pre-eminent rabbinic authority, Ezekiel Landau, chief rabbi from 1754 to 1793. A towering eighteenth-century rabbinic leader who is best known for his halakhic responsa collection the Noda biyehudah, Landau is generally considered a staunch opponent of esoteric practices and public kabbalistic discourse. Flatto challenges this portrayal, exposing the importance of kabbalah in his work and thought and demonstrating his novel use of teachings from diverse kabbalistic schools. She also identifies the historical events and cultural forces underlying his reluctance to discuss kabbalah publicly, including the rise of the hasidic movement and the acculturation spurred by the 1781 Habsburg Toleranzpatent. In telling this story, the study offers the first systematic overview of the eighteenth-century Jewish community of Prague, and the first critical account of Landau’s life and writings, which continue to shape Jewish law and rabbinic thought to this day. Extensively examining Landau's rabbinic corpus, as well as a variety of archival and published German, Yiddish, and Hebrew sources, it provides a unique glimpse into the spiritual and psychological world of eighteenth-century Prague Jewry. Reconstructing the intellectual world and traditional society in which Landau lived, this study reveals the dominance of rabbinic culture in Prague during this transitional period, the ongoing significance of kabbalistic ideas and practices, and the city’s numerous distinguished figures and institutions. Its analysis of the spiritual trends that animated this culture demonstrates that Prague’s late eighteenth-century rabbinate was more influential, more conservative, and less open to modernization than has been recognized. Debunking the widespread scholarly portrayal of Prague as primarily under the influence of the modernizing West, Flatto shows that this key central European city was shaped more by traditional east European Jewish culture than by Western Enlightenment thought. By unraveling and exploring the many diverse threads that were woven into the fabric of Prague's eighteenth-century Jewish life, the book offers a comprehensive portrayal of rabbinic culture at its height in one of the largest and most important centres of European Jewry.

Kabbalistic Manuscripts and Textual Theory uncovers the unstated assumptions and expectations of scribes and scholars who fashioned editions from manuscripts of Jewish mystical literature. This study offers a theory of Kabbalistic textuality in which the material book – the printed page no less than handwritten manuscripts – serves as the site for textual dialogue between Jewish mystics of different periods and locations. The refashioning of the text through the process of reading and commenting that takes place on the page – in the margins and between the lines – blurs the boundaries between the traditionally defined roles of author, reader, commentator and editor. This study shows that Kabbalists and academic editors reinvented the text in their own image, as part of a fluid textual process that was nothing short of transformative. Kabbalistic Manuscripts and Textual Theory was first published in 2010 and is reissued in this revised edition with a new chapter: Textual Fixity and Textual Fluidity Kabbalistic Textuality and the Hypertexualism of Kabbalah Scholarship 1. Hypertextualism and the Study of Jewish Mysticism 2. Recent Debates on Textual Methodology in Kabbalah Research 3. Kabbalists as Literary Critics: An Undocumented History 4. Re-Editing as a Religious Imperative: A Psychological Appreciation of the Theurgic Justification of Editorial Practice 5. The Cultural Agendas and Assumptions of the Methodologies Kabbalah Scholarship 6. Epilogue: Kabbalah as Textual Process "This book is certainly monumental, offering in its seven hundred pages a wealth of documentation and distilled argument that manages to be both comprehensive in its materials and transparent in its critical insights. It is rare indeed that a work of such formidable scholarship can actually be a pleasure to read and convincing in its elucidation of what are often extremely complex documentary circumstances and editorial traditions." – From the foreword by David Greetham

החיבור אהבה בתענוגים נכתב בין השנים 1353–1356 בידי משה בן יהודה והוא אנציקלופדיה המסכמת את ענפי הידע המרכזיים של התקופה: הפיסיקה והמטפיסיקה האריסטוטלית וכמה מעיקרי היהדות. על אף שאנציקלופדיה מטבעה אינה באה לחדש אלא לסכם ידע קיים, המחבר לא היה מעביר של תכנים גרידא. הוא דן בנושאים המרכזיים של המדעים על פי הפילוסופים החשובים של המסורת האריסטוטלית, תוך שהוא מרחיב, מפתח ומפרש את דעותיהם באופן עצמאי החורג לא פעם מדעותיהם המקוריות ואף סוטה לעיתים מאבני היסוד של השיטה האריסטוטלית כולה. בפרשנות המקורית והחדשנית הוא תרם תרומה לפילוסופיה ולמדע של ימי הביניים בנושאים כגון החומר, אטומים, זמן ותנועה. לפיכך יש לראות בחיבור זה חלק מחוליה רחבה בשרשרת התפתחותן של הפילוסופיה והמדע, שבמאה י"ד התבטאה בביקורת הולכת וגוברת על הפילוסופיה האריסטוטלית עד לשלילתה המוחלטת. בספר מוצגת מהדורה מדעית של שבעת המאמרים הראשונים של חלקה הראשון של האנציקלופדיה העוסקים בפיזיקה. כל מאמר דן בסוגיה מדעית אחת וחותם בפרקים פרשניים שמטרתם להראות כיצד הסוגיה תואמת את דעת התורה ואת הסודות הצפונים בכתביהם של ר' אברהם אבן עזרא ור' משה בן מיימון מחד ומקובלים שונים, בעיקר הרמב"ן, מאידך. למהדורה קודם מבוא העוסק בשאלות היסודיות והבסיסיות העומדות מאחורי החיבור, כגון: מי כתבו, היכן ולשם מה, מהו מבנה החיבור, מהם מקורותיו של המחבר וכיצד הוא נדרש להם? המבוא גם סוקר ומבאר את תוכני הדיון של שבעת המאמרים המוצגים במהדורה תוך שימת דגש על החידושים העיקריים הטמונים בהם ותרומתם להתפתחות המדע.